SSL errors have a reputation for being cryptic, but most of them fall into a handful of categories once you recognize the patterns. I’ve diagnosed enough certificate issues to know that 90% of problems come from five root causes: expired certificates, wrong domain, broken chain, clock skew, and protocol/cipher mismatches. Here’s how to diagnose and […]

Certificate chains confuse almost everyone when they first encounter them. Not because they’re that complex in principle, but because the trust model isn’t obvious, and the problems that stem from incomplete chains show up in weird, inconsistent ways across different clients. I’ve spent hours debugging “certificate not trusted” errors that turned out to have nothing